Risk assessment and consent

References 

1. Consent: patients and doctors making decisions together. General Medical Council. 2008;
2. Department of health guidance on consent. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Scientificdevelopmentgeneticsandbioethics/Consent/Consentgeneralinformation/index.htm(accessed 17 June 2008)
3. Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582.
4. Bolitho v City and Hackney HA (1992) at [1994] 4 Med LR 393.
5. Mental Capacity Act 2005. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/ukpga_20050009_en_1(accessed 17 June 2008)
6. Chester v Ashfar [2004] UKHL 41.
7. ASA Physical Status Classification System. http://www.asahq.org/clinical/physicalstatus.htm(accessed 17 June 2009)
8. Nashef SAM, Roques F, Michel P, et al. Risk facors and outcome in European cardiac surgery: analysis of the EuroSCORE multinational database of 19,030 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;15(1):816–822
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9. Parsonnet V, Dean D, Bernstein AD. A method of uniform stratification of risk for evaluating the results of surgery in acquired heart disease. Circulation. 1989;79:13–112
10. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR. Mulltifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:845–850
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11. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100:1043–1049
12. Copeland GP, Jones D, Walters M. POSSUM: a scoring system for surgical audit. Br J Surg. 1991 Mar;78(3):355–360
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13. Risks associated with your anaesthetic. Patient Information Working Group, Royal College of Anaesthetists 2006.
14. Consent in cardiac surgery: a good practice guide to agreeing and recording consent. www.ombudsman.org.uk/improving_services/best_practice/cardiac/05consent(accessed 17 June 2008)
15. http://heartsurgery.healthcarecommission.org.uk(accessed 17 June 2008)
16. Health Services Circular 2003/011. The Interventional Procedures Programme. Department of Health.